“Travel safe, travel far, travel wide, and travel often,” says Nomadic Matt, the American who quit his job to travel the world, write about it and coach others to do the same.
But there’s a downside to all this travel, with its unprecedented volume of passengers moving from one side of the world to the other, largely by plane.
There’s the risk of those passengers spreading infectious diseases and microorganisms resistant to multiple drugs (superbugs) around the world.
Yet, our recently published research into health advice provided by inflight magazines shows plane passengers are given practically no advice on how to limit the spread of infectious diseases.
Should we be worried about the part air travel plays in spreading infectious diseases? And what can we do about it?
How big is the risk?
Low airfares and a series of social and economic factors have made global air travel more common than ever. According to the Australian government department of infrastructure, transport, cities and regional development the number of passengers taking international scheduled flights in 2018 was 41.575 million. But the International Air Transport Association projects passenger demand will reach 8.2 billion by 2037.
There are many examples of infectious diseases spread via international flying. The World Health Organization documented transmission of tuberculosis (TB) on board commercial aircraft during long-haul flights during the 1980s.
Research published in 2011 documents the transmission of influenza on two transcontinental international flights in May 2009.
More recently, the current global outbreak of measles in many countries, including the Philippines and the United States, gave rise to the risk of transmission during international travel. In a recent case a baby too young to be vaccinated who had measles returned from Manilla in the Philippines to Sydney, exposing travellers on that flight to infection.
Then there is the risk of transmitting antimicrobial-resistant organisms that cause disease, such as multi-drug resistant TB.
Recently, patients in Victoria and New South Wales were identified as carrying the drug-resistant fungus Candida auris, which they acquired overseas.
Read more: Explainer: what is Candida auris and who is at risk?
One study estimates that over 300 million travellers visit high-risk areas, such as the western Pacific, Southeast Asia and Eastern Mediterranean, each year worldwide, and more than 20% return as new carriers of resistant organisms.
These popular destinations, as well as the Middle East, have high rates of drug-resistant organisms.
How is this happening?
Aircraft move large volumes of people around the world swiftly. But what sets them apart from buses and trains is that passengers are close together, in confined spaces, for a long time. This increases the risk of transmitting infections.
Passengers interact with high-touch surfaces, such as tray tables, headsets, seats and handles. We cough, sneeze and touch multiple surfaces multiple times during a flight, with limited opportunities to clean our hands with soap and water.
Many infections, such as gastroenteritis and diarrhoea, are spread and contracted by touch and contact.
What can we do about it?
Providing plane travellers with relevant health advice is one way to limit the spread of infectious diseases via air travel.
This would include information and advice on routine handwashing with soap and water, or using alcohol-based hand rubs, and other basic measures including cough etiquette, such as coughing into your elbow and covering your nose and face.
Researchers have looked at the role commercial websites and travel agencies might play in providing that advice. And since the 1990s, airline magazines have been highlighted as an underused source of traveller health advice. More than 20 years on, we discovered little has changed.
In our recent study, published in the journal Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease, we looked at the content of inflight magazines from 103 airlines issued during January 2019.
Of the 47 available online, only a quarter (11) included an official section on passengers’ general health and well-being, of which only two contained information related to infection control and the preventing infectious diseases.
The first magazine, from a UAE-based airline, had an official section on passenger health and well-being that included very limited relevant content. It advised passengers “with blood diseases or ear, nose and sinus infections should seek medical advice before flying”.
There was no further explanation or information, nor were there any strategies to prevent these or other infections.
The second magazine, from a USA-based airline, contained general travel health advice, but none specifically about infectious diseases.
However, there was a full-page, colour advertisement next to the health section. This contained images of many disease-causing microorganisms on passengers’ tray tables and advocated the use of a disinfectant wipe for hands and other inflight surfaces.
The slogan “because germs are frequent fliers” was displayed across the tray table. This was accompanied by information about the use and effectiveness of disinfectant wipes for hand hygiene and disinfecting surfaces during air travel, public transport use, and in hotels and restaurants.
Inflight magazines are valuable assets for airlines and are the source of considerable advertising revenue. They are read by potentially billions of passengers every year. The results of this study show that they are a greatly underused source of information about infection control and measures to prevent the spread of infectious diseases.
Airlines should also provide health advice to passengers in other media, in particular, video screens, about infection prevention and basic control measures such as hand hygiene, cough etiquette and personal hygiene.
Such advice should be provided before, during and after the flight. It could also include destination-related advice for particularly risky travel routes and destinations.
More information for passengers
Airlines providing health advice to passengers is just one way to limit the spread of infectious diseases and antimicrobial-resistant organisms around the world via air travel.
This would need to sit alongside other measures, such as information and guidelinesprovided to those who travel via the sea.
The simple, low-cost measures highlighted in our research could go a long way to help passengers stay healthy and avoid illness from infectious diseases. At the same time, these measures could reduce the impact of outbreaks of infectious diseases for airlines and society as a whole.
